Deconstructing of Forest and Woodland - 990 Words

Introduction The definitions for the words â€Å"forest† and â€Å"woodland† are heterogeneous around the world and are circumscribed to each country ´s structural stands in local eco-regions. Countries as Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, China, India, Japan, Mexico or US, with a great diversity of climates and soil conditions attributable to their large land extensions and altitude gradients (Borja-Jimenez et al. 2013), can be identified as territories with high variety of forests and woodlands. The great diversity and diffuse thresholds among ecosystems difficult construction of criteria for their classification into inventories and application of management and conservation policies. Box Fujiwara (2013) differentiate forests from woodlands: forest is an ecosystem dominated by tall trees, in a closed structure (considered closed when tree crowns are touching) and woodland is an ecosystem dominated by tall or short trees with an open distribution. The etymology of both words has different meanings according to the language. In Chinese, æ £ ®Ã¦Å¾â€" (sÄ“nlà ­n), the first character, sÄ“n (also mori in Japanese) means â€Å"tree†, â€Å"forest†, â€Å"dark†, â€Å"gloomy†; the second character, là ­n, means â€Å"forest†, â€Å"grove†, â€Å"thicket†, â€Å"wood†. Differently, æžâ€"Ã¥Å" ° (là ­ndà ¬) means â€Å"wood† (first character) -â€Å"land† (second character). It also means â€Å"holt† that means â€Å"little forest†. The word bosque in Spanish derives from the German word busch meaning â€Å"bush†, â€Å"shrub†, â€Å"jungle†. Different from English, in Spanish the termsShow MoreRelatedDeconstructing definitions of Forest and Woodland: a proposal of new conditions and criteria1305 Words   |  5 PagesWHAT IS A FOREST? WHAT IS A WOODLAND? The definition of forest, mostly accepted as a group of trees of determined height, disposed in a determined density and covering some percentage of the soil, can be included in a broader definition of woodlands, often seen as a group of trees with more flexible thresholds for height, density and coverage. So, from now on and arbitrarily, when the word â€Å"woodland† is mentioned, â€Å"forests† are also included. Referring to the introduction and analyzing the SpanishRead MoreThe Use Of Relativism And Its Effects On The Advertising1465 Words   |  6 Pagesmade the foreground of the red Toyota emerge from the picture. Another sense that was expressed throughout this ad was sound; viewers can hear the rope getting heaved, the rustle of the trees amongst each other, and the chatter of animals amongst the forest. This is one strategy plan advertiser’s use, making consumers relate to a time they were once camping or it persuades them into wanting to be the models. Whereas on the other hand the Volkswagen ad uses another strategy by trying to make people relate

William Shakespeare s The Tempest And Julie Taymor s...

The poem, The Tempest was written by William Shakespeare which consists of romance. The poem is written in 1610-1611 in England and published in 1623. Its literacy period is the Renaissance (1500-1660). Julie Taymore’s film version of the play allowed the audiences see a visual of the play and how each actors portrayed the characters of the play. One notable difference between William Shakespeare’s The Tempest and Julie Taymor’s film version of the play is the results of Prospero’s magic. This difference has the effect(s) of the highlights of Prospero’s magic of anger and forgiveness. This paper will demonstrate the representation of Prospero’s magic and what his magic can do has the effect of the anger and forgiveness of Prospero by analyzing the difference of Prospero’s magic in the play and Prospera’s magic in the film, but equally powerful. Alonso, Antonio, Sebastian and Gonzalo has looked for Ferdinand, Alonso’s son and becomes tired as they stopped to rest. After a couple of minutes, an extravagant feast appeared in front of them. They became suspicious at first and prepared to eat the feast of food. Before they started to eat, Ariel showed up as a harpy as he made the feast vanished and charged Antonio, Sebastian, and Alonso of being the instruments of sin. Shakespeare wrote what Ariel says as he flew down from the sky as a harpy: You are three men of sin, whom destiny- That hath to instrument this lower world And what is in’t- the never-surfeited sea Hath

Google vs Microsoft Free Essays

In today’s society many people are using the internet more and more to shop online, handle business transactions and surf the web for what interests them. Microsoft and Google are known to many people as internet giants. The two companies compete for business in the internet world by offering similar online business services. We will write a custom essay sample on Google vs Microsoft or any similar topic only for you Order Now Microsoft also offers an array of computer products to consumers and businesses such as Windows 7, Microsoft office and MSN. Google’s main focus of business is its search engine that many people use today to surf the internet. This paper will compare and contrast Microsoft’s and Google’s business model, financial management system and explain which company could better withstand a major recession and at the same time, compare their financial ratios and decide which two companies that would be better to invest in. Microsoft was started in 1975 by Bill Gates and Paul Allen who developed an interpreter for basics programming language systems that has contributed to Microsoft’s being so successful. Microsoft is one of the largest technology companies in the world which specializes in developing and licensing computer software products such as Windows 7, Microsoft office, MSN and Bing. Microsoft’s management team is led by chief executive officer Steve Ballmer who also serves on the executive board, chairman Bill Gates, seven directors, and one chief financial officer which are all non-executive board members. The company has been known for its leadership style through its founder Bill Gates for donating money to many charities and helping the poor. Microsoft is also said to be an innovator for the new-age workplace where work is made to be comfortable, fun and inspiring so that all employees can enjoy doing their work and like to spend their time there as well. Bill Gates did not even finish college but his work ethics are being taught in schools through the world. Microsoft has an excellent track record for innovation because it keep coming up with new technology and devices every year (Datamonitor, a, 2011). On the other hand, Microsoft is in competition with Google and other internet companies over the use of internet search engines. Google was founded in 1998 by two Stanford University graduate students, Sergey Brin and Larry Page. Google is an international technology firm that is concentrated on improving the way people get their information from the internet. Google has three core businesses search, advertisements, and applications. The search engine powered by Google provides information for millions of users every day. It must be determined that information reported to the Google search engine is beneficial to the user; a set of criteria has been developed to serve this purpose. A common method of determining the usefulness of the page for the user is searching the document for keywords. Keywords must be entered to search on Google, and the documents are scanned to determine how often they appear. The more keywords a document has tends to indicate its usefulness to the user. Another evaluating principle for reporting useful pages is the ranking for the page and quality of the site. Websites receive rankings which reflect quality, relevance, and accuracy. Websites who have high rankings and numerous keywords are reported to the user first. This method of obtaining information allows the user to access vital information in a matter of seconds. Search advertisements are used to further assist users, and to offer Google’s main products and services and provide valuable and relevant information for people who use the search engines for answers they seek. Google search engine is like Microsoft’s Bing search engine. Google also sells their product and services in more than 100 languages throughout the world. Google’s management team is led by a chairman Eric Schmidt, a chief executive Larry Page, a director of special projects Sergey Brin which are all executive board members. They also have six directors that are non-executive board members. The company is a leader in that they provide people with valuable information. At the same time, however, Google is a slow innovator in its search engine technology. For example, its search engine has not shown major innovation despite the quality of Google’s searching technology that is absolutely dominating. However, as search engine technology advanced in the past decade the technological gap between Google and Microsoft has decreased more and more as we see with Bing (Datamonitor, b, 2011). On the other hand, by using the financial ratio I believe that Microsoft would benefit more and be able to survive a major economic recession. Microsoft has five divisions within their organization such as Windows Windows 7, Microsoft business, online services, server and tools, entertainment and devices. According to Datamonitor, a , â€Å"The company’s product under this division include Microsoft Office, Microsoft SharePoint; Microsoft Exchange Server; and Microsoft Dynamics ERP and CRM as well as Microsoft Office Web Apps, which are the online companions to Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint and OneNote† (2011, p. ). This shows that Microsoft has many divisions and products that they can offer to consumers, businesses and investors. This also shows that Microsoft would be better suited to withstand a major recession due to the many products they have to offer unlike Google which only has search engines and advertising to depend on. Therefore as seen in the financial ratio Google has not made any money nor did it lose any money. Microsoft on the other hand, has made money due to the many products it has to offer. Subsequently, the profitability ratio can tell us a lot about Microsoft and Google performance. The profitability ratio can tell us what each company’s revenue and losses were for the year. It can also tell us about both companies operating budget, debts, stocks, and investments. According to Microsoft’s annual report, â€Å"Windows Division revenue reflected relative performance in PC market segments. We estimated that sales of PC’s to businesses grew approximately 11% this year and sales of PC’s to consumers declined approximately 1%† (2011, p. 50). This demonstrates that by using the profitability ratio Microsoft was able to calculate their gains and losses for the year in the sale of PC’s. This also shows that by using the profitability ratio Microsoft was able to project their sales of PC’s to other businesses. Therefore if someone wanted to invest company like Microsoft they should use the profitability ratio to determine a company’s return on assets and equity to see if it is a good investment. As we can see PC’s sales to businesses grew 11% while consumers PC’s sales weakened by 1% so an investor should put their money in business PC’s. After seeing the profitability ratio of both companies Microsoft would be the company to invest in because they payout more money and make more money per share and to each stockholder. One can agree that Microsoft has done well over the years by them recognizing and using the knowledge base and technological base has been an asset for the company. Microsoft is one of the best companies when it comes to software and programming. Microsoft over the years has realized that their competitors can have an impact on market changes and with this knowledge it has allowed Microsoft to make the required decisions in the market place. The issues and concerns that Microsoft and other organizations face are technology changes and competition. Technology today has surpassed the technology of yesterday. Yet, Microsoft has shown that they can meet these challenges in various areas by meeting these issues and concerns head on. Microsoft oftentimes has restructured some of their well-known operating systems, programs and software to keep up with the changing times. Recently, they have launched Bing and Windows 7. According to Microsoft annual report: Online Services Division (OSD) develops and markets information and content designed to help people simplify tasks and make more informed decisions online, and that help advertisers connect with audiences. OSD offerings include Bing, MSN ad Center, and advertiser tools. Bing and MSN generate revenue through the sale of search and display advertising generally accounts for nearly all of OSD’s annual revenue. (2011, p. 54) This demonstrates that Microsoft would be a great company to invest in because they offer many different products that makes a lot of money. This also demonstrates that Microsoft has seen an increase in revenue due to the fact that they invested in Bing and MSN. Therefore one should also consider the return on current ratio and the dividend payout ratio before making a decision on investing in the company. On the other hand one should also look at the investment valuation before making an investment decision. Investors need to be aware that before they invest in a company such as Microsoft that the likelihood of the problems when it comes to investing occur with large corporations where there is a higher degree of the separation of ownership and management, and thus perhaps an occurrence of a conflict of the goals of the managers and the goals of the shareholders. Aside from doing research on the company itself, doing an evaluation of stock can also prove to be useful. Knowing if stock is overpriced can tip you off, in that you then need to find out why it is overpriced. For example, is the stock overpriced because investors sincerely believe that the stock is good and has potential, or is the stock price high because of current economic conditions. Knowing the answer to such questions will help individuals as investors make better and more informed decisions. According to Google’s annual report: Strategic, financial and execution isks and exposures associated with our business strategy, product innovation and sales road map policy matters, significant litigation and regulatory exposures, and other current matters that may present material risk to our financial performance, operations, infrastructure, plans, prospects or reputation, acquisition and divestitures. (2011, p. 16) This explains that investing in large corporations can be ris ky and, this also explains that you should look, at a company’s investment valuation before investing. The reason why this is so important is because people can lose their money and if they did their homework by using the investment valuation they would see where their money is going and if they are making a wise decision when they invest into a company. In conclusion, Google and Microsoft’s are the world’s most powerful technology organizations that have proven it is possible to excel in the corporate world. The software and programming that Microsoft’s sells is the same product that has proven to be a useful tool for the company. Allocating costs and investing in new technology and recognizing competition including recognizing revenues gain and loss has also proven to be an asset for Microsoft. Google and Microsoft recognize and realize the potential of technology in the ever changing world of business. Google and Microsoft have met the challenges and changes of today’s society. As for Microsoft achieving its goals, the belief is that it has surpassed those goals and is constantly revising technology and products to meet them and new ones in a timely manner. Therefore, making it a company that investors want to invest in. Microsoft, financial aspects has allowed me to decide that it is one of the best companies, to invest in today. While Google on the other hand, must find better innovative techniques so it can gain more capital so that investors want to invest in the company. At the same time Google must keep up with other competitors such as Microsoft so that the company does not be left behind in the future from other competitors stealing their clients. References Datamonitor: (2011 a). Microsoft Corporation. Retrieved from Business Source Complete. Datamonitor: (2011 b). Google Inc. Retrieved from Business Source Complete. Google Annual Report (2011). Retrieved from http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1htm Microsoft Annual Report (2011). Retrieved from www.microsoft.com/investor Appendix How to cite Google vs Microsoft, Papers

Surviving Paintings of Baroque Period Essay Example For Students

Surviving Paintings of Baroque Period Essay The artist worked to increase the dramatic expressiveness Of religious subject matter n order to give viewers the sense that they are participating in the action. There are well known painters of the Baroque style paintings, which represent not only the era of that period but also the rich and flamboyant culture that once was. Rembrandt van Iris (1606-1669) Portrait of a young woman. In Rembrandt portrait the emphasis is placed on the white accessories such as gloves, lacy cuffs, coifs, and the quite large millstone ruff. In another painting from the same era, which describes the details of a woman costumes, it is quite visible that importance was given to the overall appearance and portrayal tot rich heritage. Another painting by portrait of Marches Spinal, Female fashion changed tremendously trot the sass towards the sass. The entire silhouette changed completely, from the high wasted gowns of the sass to the slender and long wasted ones of the sass. The paintings that have viewed from the Baroque period clearly represent a lot more detail if observed more in detail they not only represent the painter but also the message that is being conveyed by each art that have viewed from that period The painting of this period are distinguished tot only by their rare presentation of surrounding, but also by their message, which the painters hue successfully presented. Surveys painting, sculpture, and architecture in the Age of Grandeur as they reflect the spiritual, political, and national undercurrents Of emerging Europe in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Baroque period, era in the history of the Western arts roughly, coinciding With the 17th century. Its earliest manifestations, Which occurred in Italy, date from the latter decades of the 16th century, while in some egging, notably Germany and colonial South America, certain of its culminating achievements did not occur until the 18th century. The work that distinguishes the Baroque period is stylistically complex, even contradictory. In general, however, the desire to evoke emotional states by appealing to the senses, often in dramatic ways, underlies its manifestations. Some of the qualities most frequently associated with the Baroque are grandeur, sensuous richness, drama, vitality, movement, tension, emotional exuberance, and a tendency to blur distinctions between the various arts.

The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Essay Example For Students

The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art Essay The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art was the first museum on the west coast dedicated to 20th century art. It first opened in 1935 but underwent a major renovation and opened a new museum facility designed by renowned Swiss architect Mario Botta in January of 1995. Botta used a lot of historical influences, but the most prevalent is definitely the influence of Roman architecture. The two most obvious arguments for that are the fact that the building is a civicly themed building and the fact that it dominates the surrounding area. But some the other arguments that can be made are the size and shape, and the unusual addition of an oculus in the roof. It also fits into the grid of the city streets surrounding it, much in the way Romans organized their buildings. We will write a custom essay on The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art hereafter referred to as the SFMOMA is most defiantly a civicly oriented building. Museums usually are, as they hold treasures for the people of the city to admire, but the SFMOMA goes beyond that. It is a symbol of pride for the people of San Francisco, and is known throughout the country as such. It was called A vibrant new heart for art in San Francisco, by Morton Beebe in Smithsonian Magazine, July 1995. Millions of people go through the doors to see the constantly changing exhibitions in the many galleries. As the meuseuem was being renovated, this was probably a consideration. So, taking in to account that people would come from around the world to see not only what was inside, but the building itself, Botta designed a structure that was not only efficient, but pleasing to view as well. That is why the SFMOMA is a civicly themed building.

Ford Losses

Ford Losses Free Online Research Papers Ford Australia posted a $274 million after-tax loss last year as consumers, already battered by the global financial crisis, shied away from large cars. Capping off one of the roughest years on record for car makers here and abroad, Ford Australias revenues fell 7.4 per cent to $3.3 billion for the year to December 2008. Ford Australia made 108,564 vehicles, 5319 fewer than in 2007. While Ford had the newest large car on the market with the FG Falcon launched in May last year it was beaten in the sales chart by the Commodore of its rival Holden, a car that has been the top selling car for 13 years. Large-car sales plummeted last year after petrol price rises rattled buyers. Last year 119,559 large cars were sold a 14 per cent decline representing just under 12 per cent of total new-vehicle sales, of which the locally made Falcon accounted for 31,936, versus Commodores 51,093. This is but a microcosm of the fallout in the world car-making scene, with General Motors in the US filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection this month with debts of $US172.8 billion ($215.2 billion), following Chrysler, which did the same in last month with $US6.9 billion of debt. So far Ford in the US has avoided the bankruptcy court, but global demand for cars is falling and only a radical turnaround can arrest the groups long-term decline. Ford Australia sought to put the best light on the results, saying that the underlying operating loss was just $14 million, compared with $99 million in 2007. The president and chief officer of Ford Australia, Marin Burela, said: This was a challenging year as the Australian market was affected by the global economic slowdown, but Ford Australias underlying business continued to improve with strong new vehicle launches and our continued progress in lowering costs and gaining efficiencies. Mr Burela returned to Australia to take the helm at Ford last November, after his predecessor, Bill Osborne, left the company after just six months in the role, filling a vacancy left by Tom Gorman in January. It meant Ford Australia had three different chief executives last year. One-off items also battered the bottom line. These included $110 million in restructuring costs and long-term asset write-downs of $52 million, while superannuation expenses cost more than $151 million. Mr Burela said the business was on track to improve on last years tripling in losses. We are continuing to improve our business fundamentals and implement our strategic plan as we move through 2009. Holden is yet to announce its 2008 results. While Holden has been first to announce fuel-saving technologies, such as cylinder deactivation on its V8s (they run on four cylinders when coasting), recalibrating engines for better economy, with plans for compatibility with ethanol fuels, Ford Australia is still two months away from deciding its future fuel-saving technologies for its Falcon and Territory ranges. Both Holden and Toyota Australia have projects in the pipeline that qualify for grants under the Federal Governments $1.3 billion Green Car Innovation Fund, a scheme that is regarded as a critical in keeping factories going. Ford is yet to approach the Government for specific projects, although it is expected to participate at some point. Mr Burela told the Herald last week: Weve been quiet on this. I dont want to go to Government every five minutes talking and asking for their support and engagement on things were not ready to make a statement on. Research Papers on Ford LossesTwilight of the UAWAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaDefinition of Export QuotasNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductPETSTEL analysis of IndiaLifes What IfsThe Project Managment Office SystemPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyOpen Architechture a white paper

CRM Go Digital Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

CRM Go Digital - Dissertation Example The researcher states that the sampling is one of the major areas on which the success of any study is dependent. There are various types of sampling. For doing the statistical studies, the methods of sampling that we generally use are probability and non-probability sampling. Among them, various other subdivisions are present that are used to distinguish the study according to the requirement. Here, the study is about the relative impact of the CRM digital techniques on the industry. According to me, there are multiple problems with the sampling technique used here. It is not all adequate by any stretch of the imagination. To begin with, the data was sent out to the selected names from the particular database. The sampling technique was basically destined to be probability sampling, but the sampling technique acquired the attributes of non –probability sampling due to the data collection methodology in place here. The survey was answered in various phases, which would have ad ded to the redundancy of the data. The other factor, which is extremely important here is the sample size that is taken. Given the importance and the vast scope of the subject, the sample size should have been much larger with a larger number of participants. Secondly, the sample population should have been taken from more than one of the databases so as to reduce the redundancy in the collected data. The other factor where it would help out is the reduction of the sampling errors over a particular population and also lead to a reduction in the bias that would be obvious if only one set of the population is taken into the account. Therefore, the errors that have been noticed here are the selection bias and the sampling bias. Both of these biases are detrimental to the integrity of the collected data. One of these causes the collected data to lose out on the accuracy, whereas the other one creates redundancy. The applied statistical technique is the best and the most adequate one for the current study. The advantages, the disadvantages of the technique are discussed in particular details here. The statistical method applied here is being deconstructed here to understand and comprehend the associated features. The statistical method used here is the probability sampling. The advantages of probability sampling are the lesser tendency to be biased due to the greater variety and size of the sample. This is also expedited by the fact that the probability of each element of the sample to be selected is more than one. The other advantage is that the sampling error can be determined, which makes it possible for the statistical changes to be accounted for the various indicators. The problems, however, for the methodology used are manifold. The process used here is too lengthy, the expedition takes a lot of the time, very little flexibility, judgmentally small numbers cannot be chosen for the process. This also necessitates that all the samples are present for the proces s. But, looking at it from a wider point of view, it could be understood that the sampling methodology used id not all pervasive. Lastly, the regression technique of the analysis of the data can only be used if the data population is small in number.

Political violence in latin america in the 20th century Essay

Political violence in latin america in the 20th century - Essay Example Dictatorship was the core problem which was carried out by top most government officials and militants who violated the human rights. They were influential and their followers implemented their selfish acts. They carried out terrorist attack, coup detours; they were the big drugs lords. These leaders only benefited themselves and oppressed their citizens. Many middle class people lost there jobs and property and affected economical this led to abject poverty and social exclusion. There was great suffering by this population because they lost there families, property and others become homeless. It came a time these people could get basic needs like shelter, security, food and health care. This was due to the oppression exercise by the dictatorship. The struggle of democracy was costly but it was worth it since this oppression and human right violation were too much. Activist and law students were at the forefront of fighting for their rights. Many were killed, tortured and others sent to exile. It is important to preserve the collective memory because when it is preserved people will not forget their history and the likely of it recurring will be less since the incident and what happened is learned from generation to generation. It helps them in remanding them what can happen when democracy is not practiced. It being a history it became a studying subject. Forgetting what happened have to be mandatory though this free willingness situation, for a nation to progress people have to forgive each other of the past violence. if people still hold on to what happened to them or their ancestors peace will never be found since the urge of revenging of want happened to their families will poses them, hence its important the victims to

Story from the bible 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Story from the bible 2 - Essay Example the teachings of the Old Testament in which women were often considered to be the root of evil on earth and were therefore condemned to a life of inequality in eternal servitude to the men whom she’d wronged. Although this has long been accepted as the historic custom, there is little evidence in the Bible that Jesus felt this was an appropriate behavior. When one reads through the gospels carefully, one can find numerous instances in which women were considered to be inferior to men, but that Jesus broke the customs and laws concerning how they were to be treated. Throughout the gospels, Jesus can be seen to act in direct opposition to the way in which men were expected to treat women as he deliberately moved against Old Testament law to embrace women as equal human beings engaged in the process of life. In his actions and words, Jesus can be seen to take a revolutionary approach toward women as he consistently treated women as real people of equal value to men. In the gospels alone, there is a lot of evidence that women were not considered equal to men. The idea that they were considered marginal individuals is discussed in the Women’s Bible Commentary in a number of areas but Jesus recognized them anyway. In Mark 5: 25-34, for instance, a woman who has â€Å"had a discharge of blood for twelve years† without finding any successful treatment believes that if she can just touch Jesus’ clothes she will be healed of her illness. She is correct in her belief as she sneaks up behind him and the instant her hand touches his robe, her body is healed but she is doubly-marginal because she is a woman and because she is bleeding, but Jesus turns and speaks with her and blesses her anyway. Another form of a double-marginal woman was a woman who was also a foreigner. There are at least two places where Jesus went directly against custom by speaking with these women directly. In John 4:7-5:30, he takes time to speak with a woman from Samaria. Unlike the woman

Difference Between Entrepreneur and Small Business Owner

Difference Between Entrepreneur and Small Business Owner Entrepreneurship is one of the most popular words in the English language today. People are buzzing about entrepreneurs and entrepreneurial companies. In addition, todays media information makes us believe that anyone qualifies as an entrepreneur in some fashion way- from lawyers and doctors to artists and teachers. However, the term is so often used that many people are not quite sure what it stands for? Furthermore, despite intensive analysis, we still know relatively little about the entrepreneur (Begley and Boyd 1987a; Cunningham 1991), particularly how an entrepreneur differs from a small business owner (Gartner 1985). Research has indicated that small business owners and entrepreneurs have different goals (Litzinger 1965) and decision-making styles (Busenitz 1992). An entrepreneur has a kind of behaviour intent on opportunities rather than on capital and the small business owner can be a vehicle mutually for Schumpeterian (1934) kind of initiating new products and processes that modify the industry and the owner run the business for a living. Thus, the report will address how the small business owners and entrepreneurs differ and will also include a critical review of the academic theory concerning motivation, aspiration, business management practices and styles. Definition of Entrepreneurs According to Birley (1996), an entrepreneur is an individual who establishes and manages a business for the principal purpose of profit and growth. The entrepreneur is characterised principally by innovative and creative behaviour and will employ strategic management practices in the business. Thus, the modern thinkers emphasise that an entrepreneur is an individual who creates and recognise opportunities for something new, handles the uncertainty and risk of that new venture ( which is not restricted to stand alone business ventures), and has the managerial competence to gather required resources from the environment (like capital) without necessarily owning these resources, which includes an ability to plan, to lead a team and to network outside the venture (Timmons Spinelli, 2004). Definition of Small Business Owners A small business owner is an individual who establishes and manages a business for the principal purpose of furthering personal goals. The business must be the primary source of income and will consume the majority of the owners time and interest. The owner perceives the business as an extension of his or her personality, intricately bound with family needs and desires (Birley 1996). Entrepreneurs versus Small Business Owners Geber (1995) is very clear that there is a substantial difference between the entrepreneurs and small business owners, a view has been endorsed by many writers including Birley (1996) and Jenning and Breaver (1997). Entrepreneurs are motivated by their goals of profit and growth for their ventures and by their use of strategic planning, for example, Bill Gates, the best known entrepreneur in personal computer revolution. Alternatively, small business owners focus on providing family income and view the venture as an extension of their personalities, for example, the Chinese takeaways. Characteristics of Entrepreneurs: a Distinction from Small Business Owners Characteristics of entrepreneurs and small business owners are different for different ages, different industries and different stages of the business life cycle. Indeed, the personality characteristics are both born and made, for there is also a good deal of evidence that certain attitudes and behaviours can be acquired, developed, practiced and refined through a combination of experience and study. (Timmons and Spinelli 2004, p.249) In addition, different authors have mentioned different characteristics of entrepreneurs from their research. They distinguished the characteristics between normative and empirical (Kuhn, 1960). In a nutshell, according to Timmons and Spinelli (2004), there are five major attitudes and behaviours that characterise some entrepreneurs: Commitment and determination Need for achievement (McClelland, 1961), with its related attitudes towards risk Internal locus of control Opportunity orientation Creativity and innovation Besides, both small business owners and entrepreneurs are of critical importance to the economy. However, it is useful to draw a distinction between them since small businesses and entrepreneurial ventures serve different economic functions. Thus, it will also be more valuable to differentiate what they manage. Moreover, this will help us to have a better understanding of the management styles and business practices of the entrepreneurs and small business owners. The Distinction between Small Business Venture and Entrepreneurial Venture An entrepreneurial venture, according to Birley (1996) is one that engages in at least one of Schumpeters four categories of behaviour: that is, the principal goals of an entrepreneurial venture are profitability and growth and the business is characterised by innovative strategic practices. Alternatively, small business venture is any business that is independently owned and operated, not dominant in its field and does not engage in any new marketing or innovative practices Birley (1996). Wickham (2004) stated that there are three main characteristics which distinguish the entrepreneurial ventures from small businesses: Innovation and Creativity The successful entrepreneurial venture is usually based on a significant innovation and creativity. This might be technological, an innovation and creativity in offering a new service; or a new way something is marketed or distributed; or possibly an innovation or creativity in a way the organisation is structured or managed. An entrepreneur is recognised for their innovative and creative ability, for example, James Dyson, who came up with the creative idea of the ball-wheel- barrow business and continue his innovation by moving on to the cyclone vacuum cleaner business. On the other hand, the small business is usually involved in delivering an established product or service. So, while a small business may be new to a locality, it is not doing anything new in a global sense for example, cost-cutters shop, whereas an entrepreneurial venture is usually based on a significantly new way of doing something. Potential for Growth An entrepreneurial venture has more potential for growth than a small business does. This results from the fact that it is usually based on a significant creativity. The market potential for than innovation, will more than enough to support a small firm. It may even be more than enough to support a large firm and signal the start of an entire new industry. For example, Adam Osborne (1939 -2003) was the best known entrepreneur as creator of the first portable computer, but he was also an author who made a successful move into publishing computer books. On the other hand, the small businesses which operate within an established industry are unique only in terms of its locality. Therefore, it is limited in its growth potential by competitors in adjacent localities. A small business operates within a given market; the entrepreneurial venture is in a position to create its own market. Strategic Objectives Most businesses have at least some objectives. Even the smallest firm should have sales targets if not more detailed financial objectives. Objectives may be set for the benefits of external investors as well as for consumption by internal management. The entrepreneurial venture will usually go beyond the small business in the objectives it sets itself in, that it will have strategic objectives. Strategic objectives relate to such things as: Growth targets Market development Market share Market potential Growth Potential Strategic objectives However, not all entrepreneurial ventures will necessary show an obvious innovation, clear growth potential or formally articulated strategic objectives, and some small businesses may demonstrate one or two of these characteristics. Nevertheless, in combination they add up to distinguish the key character of an entrepreneurial venture, that is, a business that makes significant changes to the world. Therefore, entrepreneurs and small business owners pursue and create new opportunities differently; they fulfil the ambitions of their founders and managers in different ways. Supporting them presents different challenges to economic policy makers. For instance, the self-employed owner of a neighbourhood pub has very little in common with the founders of a Bennigans or T.G.I. Fridays. Furthermore, studies of the psychological characteristics of the small business owners and the entrepreneurs suggest differences that affect both the management styles and cultures of the firms. Sexton and Bowman- Upton (1991) found that the entrepreneur, the founder of Bennigans, has unique set of psychological traits which they collectively labelled as propensity towards growth. Factors in this propensity included a high energy level, a preference for high risk/high return activities, a desire for control, a separation of personal and professional activities and little need for support from others. On the other hand, the small business owner, the self-employed owner of the pub, were found to have priorities that tend to suggest that other factors (for example, family and social) are more important that the business. The Differences between the Entrepreneurs and Small Business Owners Small Business Owner Low propensity towards growth Preference for low-risk taking and low return activities Non business concerns more important Less control-driver Prefers repetition of tried and true ways Detail-oriented Sceptical of inspiration Works at steady pace Rarely makes errors of fact : Works problems all the way through Patient with routine delays People-oriented, Aware of peoples feeling Trustful of others Entrepreneur High propensity towards growth (looking for new opportunities) Preference for high-risk taking and high return on activities The business itself takes priority Strong need for control (an internal locus of control) Likes to experiment with novel approaches (innovation) Does not take time for precision Driven by aspiration (needs for achievement) Works with bursts of energy Often makes errors of fact; jump to conclusions Impatient with routine details Task-oriented, oblivious to peoples feeling Distrustful of others Source: M. Joseph Sirgy, A. Coskun Samli (1995) Carland (1990) indicated that entrepreneurs have a stronger preference for creativity than owners of small businesses. Entrepreneurs tended to spend more time finding new and different ways of doing things. For example, Richard Branson, who is a portfolio entrepreneur, has diversified his virgin group into different areas. While small business owners concentrated on making established procedures more efficient, for example, small local pub; or corner shops all selling the same types of products and service. Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman (1983) have identified other differences, including a tendency for entrepreneurs to work with bursts of energy rather than steadily, to jump into conclusions, to be patient with complicated situations and impatient with routine delays and to follow their inspirations. For example, despite Oswald Boetang, the Ghanaian designer and tailor, endured two bankruptcies, divorce and the break-up of his business partner, he has that inspiration and determination to be successful (a need for achievement), that motivates him not to take time for precision; learn by his mistake and to continue innovating new fashionable ideas. However, Joseph Sirgy (1995), stating that entrepreneurs are task-oriented is quite misleading. Top entrepreneurs like Bill Gates; Warren Buffet and Richard Branson have proved in their ventures to be people-oriented, looking for the best interest in people. Furthermore, entrepreneurs have an internal locus of control. They actively look for opportunities to place themselves in situations where they do not have to rely on other people or luck- they think life is under control and they can affect what happens around them. For example, Duncan Bannatyne from the Dragons Den TV Show started his entrepreneurial life by trading in cars. Being brought up from a poor family background, Duncan did not believe in luck, on the contrary, he believed in his determination and commitment to be successful. He had a control over his life and he also take up risks. Motivation and Aspirations: Distinction between Small business owners and Entrepreneurs Motivation, the condition that makes individuals undertake, or at least desire to undertake, certain courses of action, is a subject that has received lot of attention from psychologists over the past hundred years. Different approaches will be used to understand motivation and adding up to a general picture of what motivates an entrepreneur. Maslow Hierarchy of Needs Entrepreneurs and small business owners have different set of needs, which hence, motivate them differently. The idea of a series of needs that can be resolved into separate components was the basis for Maslows (1943) well-known hierarchy of needs in which physiological, security, social and self-actualisation needs were satisfied in that order of priority. Miner (1997) has used Maslow hierarchy of needs to provide a distinction between the set of needs that motivate an entrepreneur and small business owners. Entrepreneurs are at the highest level of needs, which, is self-actualisation. These needs can be supported by their characteristics and personality traits. Entrepreneurs are driven by their aspiration. They are motivated by the goals of profit and growth. They are committed and determined individuals who want to be successful; creative and innovative by creating new opportunities. Entrepreneurs have an internal locus of control which enables them to transcend all the needs. For example, lord Alan Sugar, is at a self-actualisation stage, he has satisfied all the other needs. He was brought up in a council flat in Hackney and despite leaving school at 16, his driven aspiration of being a successful British entrepreneur, made him climb the hierarchy reaching at the transcendence needs where he is satisfying his desire for self-fulfilment and personal growth. Moreover, Miner (1997) conducted a survey about list of motivation factors for small business owners and concluded that it is reasonable to say that small business owners are at the esteem needs: The survey shows that small business owners are motivated by their performance, status and condition. Hence, this leads to the satisfaction of their competence, individual achievement, reputation, responsibility and independence. For example, small corner shops or Indian restaurants are satisfying their esteem needs. They may be reputed in the locality due to their great achievement in having a good customer service and also by handling their responsibilities effectively. However, Maslow hierarchy of needs has received several criticisms. Alderfer (1964) stated that people sometimes try to satisfy more than one need at a time. For instance, Entrepreneurs may be satisfying the esteem needs and self-actualisation needs at the same time, which according to Alderfer is the growth needs. In addition, frustration of a higher order need can lead to efforts to satisfy a lower-level need (frustration regression hypothesis). For example, some entrepreneurs may be at the self-actualisation stage, but due to a failure in one of their venture, can lead to the efforts of satisfying the esteem needs, such as finding ways to make their venture reputable. McClelland (1961): Achievement Motivation In McClellands view behaviour is directed towards an aspirational picture of delivering personal excellence. What constitutes this excellence may be derived from internally referenced considerations or it may be picked up from external signals. McClelland was particular interested in achievement as a motivator for young entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurs are driven by strong need to excel against self-imposed standards- to achieve challenging goals. They have an internal locus of control that makes them have a low need for status and power, and a low need for affiliation with other people. Thus, according to McClelland, entrepreneurs are quite independent types. For example, the music entrepreneur, Simon Cowell, despite having a huge failure in his music recording industry in the 80s, his need for achievement and his internal locus of control motivate him to be successful by showing his creativity of the X factor and American Idol. Research has also proved that small business owner has a low need for achievement, and on the contrary, has a high need for power and status (to combat their competitors). However, the need for achievement may not be the most important variable for predicting the likelihood of starting a business. Borland research shows that achievement motivation was neither a significant factor among students who intended to become entrepreneurs and those who did not (Borland 1974), nor between those who indicated entrepreneurial interest through the choice of majors (Sexton and Bowman 1983). Yet, the question of whether students majors or stated intentions are appropriate surrogates for business ownership arises. Entrepreneurial Motivation It is important to understand the link between entrepreneur and motivation. Burns (2008) stated motivation plays an important part in the creation of new organisations, thus, theories of organisation creation that fail to address this notion are incomplete. Kumar (2008), stipulates that particular goals, attitudes, and backgrounds where all important determinants of an entrepreneurs eventual satisfaction. In that manner, Douglas et al. (1994) examines the motivational process an entrepreneur experiences. The decision to behave entrepreneurial is the result of the interaction of several factors. One set of factors include the individual personal characteristics, the individual personal environment, the relevant business environment, the individuals personal goal set and the existence of a viable business idea Douglas et.al (2004). In addition, the entrepreneur compares his/her perceptions of the probable outcome with the personal expectations. However, it can be argued that entrepreneur psychological characteristics, such as drives for achievement and inspirations, are also important it as help them to be motivated by acknowledging what created a lower outcome than expected, and, thus learn by their mistake. Locke and Baum (2007), has provided a summary of key motivation variables based on previous findings and show general traits measures being mediated by specific measures affect the performance of entrepreneurs. Nevertheless, Kets de Vries (1985) referred to the dark side of the entrepreneurs in discussing how the entrepreneurial personality and ego can be taken to extremes and cause failures, for example, they have a strong need of control and sometimes, may be seen as a bully. Their distrust of others, their desire for applause, and their defensiveness can also be a limitation for them to be successful and affect their potential as an entrepreneurial venture to grow. According to Landau (1982), there are four different types of entrepreneurs as regard to the risk bearing and innovativeness. Thus, stating that all entrepreneurs are motivated by high risk taking and innovativeness is misleading. Low High Risk-bearing Low High Innovativeness For example, the gambler is the entrepreneur characterised by low degree of innovation and high risk. Thus, they are motivated by high risk propensity. Therefore, different types of entrepreneurs are motivated differently. Hence, more research should be conducted on motivation vis-Ã  -vis different types of entrepreneurs. Business Management Practices and Styles The entrepreneurial venture represents a particular management challenge. The nature of the entrepreneurial venture characterises and defines the management that is needed to drive it forward successfully. Moreover, the report has already provided a distinction of entrepreneurial ventures from small businesses (innovation; potential for growth and strategic objectives) which reflects to their business practices. The figure above shows how practices in small businesses differ from entrepreneurial ventures. Wallach (1983) identified that innovative culture (challenging, creative, and enterprising) more closely fits the entrepreneurial venture, while small businesses demonstrate a supportive culture (family-like and humanistic). Carland (1990) has also found in her research that entrepreneurial ventures concentrate on strategic management whereas small businesses on tactical management. Entrepreneurial Management Entrepreneurial management is characterised by its whole organisation scope, its objective of creating change and a focus on exploiting opportunity Wickham (2004). These characteristics are shown in the figure below as a comparison of conventional management and entrepreneurial management. Conventional Management Entrepreneurial Management Scope Whole organisation Part of organisation Objectives Create change Maintain status quo Focus Pursue opportunity Conserve resources A focus on Change Entrepreneurs are managers of change. They bring people, money, resources and ideas together to build new organisations and to change existing ones. For example, Richard Branson started off his business as selling audio tapes recorder, and now he has made entire new worlds by taking risk and diversifying his products namely, virgin media; virgin active, virgin airline etc. He keeps bringing in new changes to the world. Entrepreneurs are different from conventional managers or owners whose main interest is in maintaining the status quo by sustaining the established organisation, protecting it and maintaining its market positions. A focus on Opportunity Entrepreneurs are attuned to opportunity and bring in creativity. They constantly seek the possibility of doing something differently and better. They innovate in order to create value. Entrepreneurs are more interested in pursuing opportunity than they are in conserving resources. Entrepreneurs see resources as a means to an end, not as an end in themselves. Entrepreneurs expose resources to risk but also make them work by stretching them to their limit in order to offer a good return. In contrast, small business owners in established businesses are more often responsible for protecting scarce resources than for using them to pursue the opportunities that are presented for their organisations. Organisation Wide Management The entrepreneur manages with an eye to the entire organisation. They benchmark themselves against organisational objectives. They label themselves as having a visionary management style rather than focusing on objectives in particular department. Thus, entrepreneurs develop a holistic approach as regard to their management style and business practices. The effective entrepreneur does all these things when appropriate. There are times when the status quo is worth sustaining, and at times when it becomes unwise to expose resources. Part of the skill of the effective entrepreneur should know when not to venture. In addition, entrepreneurs should use appropriate leadership, power and motivation as managerial tools to have a better control, focus and direction for the venture. These are tools entrepreneur should adopt in order to turn their vision into reality. Furthermore, some entrepreneurs tend to adopt an autocratic business management style with a tall structure. For example, Lord Alan Sugar is recognised for this autocratic style following the steps of Taylorism. Critics have described Sugar as out-of-touch and his work ethic as a model of bad management in the UK. Negative, bullying and narrow-minded (Sugar) rules by fear. http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-461607/Why-earth-want-work-Sir-Alan-Sugar.html. Therefore, entrepreneurs should climb the growth wall. Creativity and innovativeness alone would not make an entrepreneur successful. They should also empower and motivate their subordinates by giving them control to make decisions. If they do not do so, they will be too stress and tired, which can cause their venture to fail. Thus, an entrepreneurial organisation should always learn through its success and failures. This will enable the entrepreneur to develop his vision into reality to achieve success (Wickham 2004). Conclusion Overall, the report has provided us with a better understanding of the differences between entrepreneurs and other owners of small businesses. The report has discussed the different characteristics of entrepreneurs and how it differs with those of small business owner. For example, psychological characteristics such as need for achievement, internal locus of control, need for autonomy, creativity and risk-taking are predominant in entrepreneurs. On the other hand, small business owners main priority is their family goals and their income. Entrepreneurs are motivated to create an entire new world Joerges Wolff (1991). The report also explain Douglas entrepreneurial motivation model which surpass the psychological characteristics. He stated that the initial determination to behave entrepreneurially is the outcome of the dealing of a range of factors such as individual personal characteristics, personal goal set, personal environment, the existence of a viable business idea, and relevant business environment. On the other hand, small business owners are motivated by high need of power; status and independence (Miner 1997). Kets de Vries (1985) has also discussed about the dark side of entrepreneurs, thus, in order to turn their vision into reality, entrepreneurs should learn from their mistakes and successes and also learn to climb the growth wall. There are also different types of entrepreneurs, thus, each type of entrepreneurs are motivated and manage their ventures differently. Thus, motivation factors, business management style and practices would be different, for example, Alan Sugar management style and business practices are different from that of Richard Branson. Besides, an entrepreneurial performance are influenced not only by personal motivation and aspirations but the ability to motivate employees and having good human relationship skills; general management skills, effective leadership skills; proper use of power and industry knowledge.

Jane Austens Emma Essay -- Jane Austen Emma Essays

Jane Austen's Emma Jane Austen does indeed present a picture of a community who look to each other for entertainment as well as support, and are content with their limited outlook. The story never leaves the close surroundings of Highbury and there is no desire to do so. When the party goes to Box Hill, away from Highbury, there is tension and the trip is not enjoyed. It is interesting to note that the three characters that come into Highbury, are those which have the potential to ruin the tight community; Mrs Elton and her ‘vulgar†¦self-important, presuming, familiar†¦ manner’, and the deception of Jane Fairfax and Frank Churchill’s secret engagement. The community in Highbury are very close and everyone knows each other’s business. This is represented through the amount of gossiping that occurs throughout Austen’s novel. Even small matters, for example the mystery of Perry’s carriage is discussed with great enthusiasm, ‘†¦and she mentioned it to her in confidence, she had no objection to her telling us, of course†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Gossiping demonstrates the topics that enthral the community in Highbury are certainly limited in outlook. They are interested in the happenings of their world, and this is the most important thing. With gossip being spread quickly, it is clear why neither Jane Fairfax nor Frank Churchill told anyone of their engagement, which they wanted to remain private. To a modern reader, this is trivial, but a reader in the eighteenth century would understand the harm that this deception could have caused, had it not been in a satirical novel. The society that Austen has created depends on trust and functions interdependently, which fits in with the view of an inward-looking community. This is w... ... very pretty young man to be sure, and a very good young man†¦great regard for him’. Here, Austen reflects one of the many good attributes that knightly has; that he can see past status. I think that in Emma Jane Austen does present an inward looking community, limited in outlook to a certain extent. If you look at Emma’s society as a microcosm of eighteenth Century society as a whole, which had a strict class etiquette, then this opinion is true. However it also represents hope for the ignorance of this etiquette because the reader sees Emma on her journey of self discovery and realisation of man’s worth. Nonetheless, the community are not all inward looking as they regard others of a lower class with respect. With this respect comes a close community, who believes Highbury to be the beginning and end of their lives which makes them limited in outlook.